![]() state that facility layout design methodology is one of the primary aspects to be dealt with for an efficient and economical working of a mobile robot system. ![]() Regarding its implementation, Gutta et al. The fast pace of the development of the safety standards reflects not only the urgent need for safety standards but the expectation that industrial mobile robots will continue to be implemented at a rapid rate. To overcome this issue, the outlining guidelines for robot manufacturers and system integrators are being developed. As the mobile robots are becoming more autonomous, correcting their path while in motion and the integration of new features and attachments on them, the robotics online marketing team within the Robotic Industries Association states that the existing safety standards present gaps that fail to cover some of these latest technologies to ensure the well-being of other laborers. It is important to emphasize, however, that new safety concerns are being raised due to this new technology. From a safety standpoint, this technology has what is recognized as a capable safety system to detect objects and people and to react appropriately. When compared with cameras, LIDARs can provide accurate range information and a larger field of view. These sensors are commonly used for pedestrian recognition. Regarding the safety of these mobile systems, many of them are based on the same technology as is used for autonomous vehicles, which apply LIDAR (light detection and ranging) sensors. This flexibility also makes the AMRs more cost-effective as an AMR does not need wires, magnetic stripes, or other costly modifications to the building infrastructure. This functionality allows the same robot to perform a variety of different tasks at different locations, automatically adjusting to meet changing environments and production requirements. To change its mission, the AMR only needs simple software adjustments. The AMR uses data from cameras and built-in sensors and laser scanners as well as sophisticated software that enables it to detect its surroundings and choose the most efficient route to the target. ![]() In contrast with fixed route required by the AGVs, AMRs navigate via maps that its software constructs on-site or via pre-loaded facility drawings. ![]() These robots have on-board intelligence and real-time adaptive capabilities, which support the increasing market demand for flexibility and for agility to comply with modification to products or processes. In response to the AGV’s drawbacks, a more sophisticated solution to material handling was recently introduced to the market, the autonomous mobile robots (AMRs). Changes to the pathways were simply too expensive and disruptive to be cost-effective as they are typically installed in the floor. However, the need of fixed routes and the minimal on-board intelligence were restricting the use of AGVs to applications that required little variability on the pickup and drop off points of materials, as well as no interruption to its path. They have proved to be reliable and efficient technological equipment for more than 50 years. This technology began the trend of automation of material transportation. Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) first started to be used in the 1950s for manufacturing. ![]()
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